Journal: Frontiers in Immunology
Article Title: Macrophage TRIM21 lactylation exacerbates infection-induced orchitis through enhancing STAT1-mediated CXCL9 and CXCL10 production
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1684836
Figure Lengend Snippet: CXCL9 and CXCL10 contribute to inflammatory cell infiltration and impair spermatogenesis during infection-induced orchitis. (A) Venn diagram showing that chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 exhibit chemotactic effect on monocytes/macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells, while CCL17 and CCL22 only target T cells. (B) Relative mRNA levels of Cxcl9 , Cxcl10 , Cxcl11 , Ccl17 , and Ccl22 in the testes from LPS-induced orchitic and PBS control mice ( n = 3). (C) Relative mRNA levels of Cxcl9 , Cxcl10 , Cxcl11 , Ccl17 , and Ccl22 in the testes from UPEC-induced orchitic and vehicle control mice ( n = 3). (D) Gross morphology of the testes from LPS-induced orchitic mice, orchitic mice with isotype IgG injection, and orchitic mice with single or dual neutralization of CXCL9 and CXCL10. Scale bar, 1 cm. (E) Weight and relative weight of the testes from the sham group of mice and aforementioned mice in (B) ( n = 3). (F) Comparison of representative seminiferous tubules’ diameter and seminiferous epithelium thickness between the sham group and the above groups ( n = 3). (G) Quantified flow cytometry showing the number of macrophages (CD45 + CD11b + F4/80 + ) per 10 6 testicular cells in the sham group and the above groups ( n = 3–4). (H) Representative H&E staining images of seminiferous tubules, testicular interstitium, caput epididymis, and cauda epididymis from the indicated mice mentioned above. In the testicular interstitium, different arrows indicate different immune cells as shown. We rely on the characteristic nuclear morphology and localization of immune cells as a supportive, histological complement to the flow cytometric data in (G) . Scale bars, 100 μm at 20× magnification and 20 μm at 100× magnification. Two groups of data are statistically compared with Student’s t- test, while multiple groups of data are statistically compared with one-way ANOVA. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; ns, not significant.
Article Snippet: The recombinant neutralizing antibodies anti-CXCL9 (AF-492-NA, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and anti-CXCL10 (AF-466-NA, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) were diluted in sterile PBS and stored at −20°C.
Techniques: Infection, Control, Injection, Neutralization, Comparison, Flow Cytometry, Staining